There are many low carb diets in the world today, and with the use of internet you can easily find what you are looking for. Here is a website that gives info on a variety of low carb diets: everydiet.org/diet/low-carb-diets
There are actually MANY different types of diets, probably to many to name, but diets are usually categorized, because diets are different from one another, example no carb diet, and a strict carb diet.
You can find many sample diets for people who suffer from diabetes. But, the best place to turn to is your doctor, not to the internet for diets and food choices.
As with all diets, fasting diets have both risks and benefits. There are many religions that fast and they are healthy. Keeping the weight off after fasting is the trick.
Diets aren't for everyone, and different diets can work better for different people than others. Counting calories is one that many have success with.
In the First world people tend to eat more animal products and processed/packaged foods. In the Third World, people eat more plant-based diets and tend to prepare it more themselves.
How many Americans are on a diet to lose weight?
Calories
There are no specific articles that compare health diets, however there are many articles online which discuss benefits, pros and cons between various fad diets and such.
People who are trying to ask what the best diet is won't really get an honest answer. There are as many diets in the world as there are ways to gain weight. One of the popular diets that have worked for a lot of people is the South Beach Diet. It eliminates carbohydrates from the diet, allowing you to lose weight quickly. You will slowly introduce healthy carbohydrates into your diet as the weeks progress.
There are so many diets out there, you may have to try several to find the one that works best for you and for your body. Here's a website that shows user ratings for several of these diets: http://www.topdiets.com/
There are many very low calorie diets. Here is a website with quite a comprehensive lists of different diets that fall under this category. http://www.everydiet.org/diet/low-carb-diets