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How many number of ways in which the operand information is specficied in the instruction code are?
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What do mean by operands in microprocessor?
An opcode is a single instruction in assembly language. An operand is the data it does something with.For example, in "MOV r0, #0C", MOV is the opcode ("move this value into this register"), while r0 (register 0) and #0C (the number 12) are operands.
What are the important instruction set design issues?
# Operation repertoire: How many and which operations to provide, and how complex operations should be # Data types: The various types of data upon which operations are performed # Instruction format: Instruction length (in bits), number of addresses, size of various fields, and so on. # Registers: Number of CPU registers that can be referenced by instructions, and their use. # Addressing: The mode or modes by which the address of an operand is specified
What does of size of operator do?
The sizeof() operator returns the number of bytes allocated to the operand.
What is instruction format in computer architecture?
The connection between the hardware and software components of a computer creates the computer architecture. It is basically how the components are connected to form a complete system. Sir Frederick P. Brooks and Sir Lyle R. Johnson presented the idea of computer architecture in 1959. A set of operating codes, operands, an opcode, and an addressing mode make an instruction. The instruction format is the standard instruction format that is directly used by the CPU. The instruction format is just the sequence of bits (0,1). The group of these bits is called a field. Each field of the system provides specific information for a particular task to the CPU about the instruction's operation and the instruction's data. The most fundamental difficulty in format design is instruction length. The longer the command will, take longer the time to fetch it. The types of Fields are discussed below: Operation Field: It specifies the operations that are performed by the instructions like, ADD, SUB, etc. It can be any value or number on which the task has been performed. Operation field is mandatory for every instructor Address Field: It specifies the address of the operand. It refers to the address where the operand is stored. On the basis of multiple address fields, the instruction is categorised as follows: Zero address instruction: The operand positions are implicitly represented in zero address instructions. The stack-organized computer system supports these commands. One address instruction: This instruction manipulates data with the help of an implicit accumulator. Accumulator is a register that performs a logical process for the CPU. It uses one address field. Two address instructions: This address instruction is mostly used. This address command format has three operand fields. In the two address sections, registers or memory addresses can be used. Three address instructions: A three-address command must contain three operand components in its format. These three fields could be registers or memory locations. The instruction pipeline in computer architecture The instruction pipeline in computer architecture shows the system's instruction flow. It has 4 major segments, which are discussed below. Segment 1: The instruction fetch part can be performed using first in, first out (FIFO) buffers. Segment 2: The second section decodes the memory-fetched command before the effective location is computed in a different arithmetic circuit. Segment 3: The input is fetched from memory. Segment 4: The execution of the instructions is performed. Some of the features of instruction are : Addressing model: This is the first part of the instruction format. Data over the instruction format can be represented as an addressing format, and data is stored in the computer's memory or in the CPU's register OPCODE(operation code): This is the second part of the instruction format, and the opcode instructs the processor to perform the desired operation. Operand: Depending upon the processor instruction format, it contains zero to three operands, and this part specifies the data or points to the address of the data.
How do you xxplain the types of memories?
Each instruction of a computer specifies an operation on certain data. The are various ways of specifying address of the data to be operated on. These different ways of specifying data are called the addressing modes. The most common addressing modes are:Immediate addressing modeDirect addressing modeIndirect addressing modeRegister addressing modeRegister indirect addressing modeDisplacement addressing modeStack addressing modeTo specify the addressing mode of an instruction several methods are used. Most often used are :a) Different operands will use different addressing modes.b) One or more bits in the instruction format can be used as mode field. The value of the mode field determines which addressing mode is to be used.The effective address will be either main memory address of a register.Immediate Addressing:This is the simplest form of addressing. Here, the operand is given in the instruction itself. This mode is used to define a constant or set initial values of variables. The advantage of this mode is that no memory reference other than instruction fetch is required to obtain operand. The disadvantage is that the size of the number is limited to the size of the address field, which most instruction sets is small compared to word length.INSTRUCTIONOPERANDDirect Addressing:In direct addressing mode, effective address of the operand is given in the address field of the instruction. It requires one memory reference to read the operand from the given location and provides only a limited address space. Length of the address field is usually less than the word length.Ex : Move P, Ro, Add Q, Ro P and Q are the address of operand.Indirect Addressing:Indirect addressing mode, the address field of the instruction refers to the address of a word in memory, which in turn contains the full length address of the operand. The advantage of this mode is that for the word length of N, an address space of 2N can be addressed. He disadvantage is that instruction execution requires two memory reference to fetch the operand Multilevel or cascaded indirect addressing can also be used.Register Addressing:Register addressing mode is similar to direct addressing. The only difference is that the address field of the instruction refers to a register rather than a memory location 3 or 4 bits are used as address field to reference 8 to 16 generate purpose registers. The advantages of register addressing are Small address field is needed in the instruction.
What DoD instruction implements the DoD CUI program?
The Department of Defense (DoD) instruction number 8500.01 implements the DoD Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) Program. This instruction establishes the program and outlines the responsibilities of the Program Manager, the Designated Approving Authorities, and the CUI Program Office. The instruction also establishes the requirements for labeling, safeguarding, and disseminating CUI.
What factor help in deciding the length of instruction format?
the number of bits required to represent an instruction of a cpu is known as length of the instruction or known as instruction.
Explain different types of addressing mode?
Addressing modes are an aspect of the instruction set architecture in most central processing unit (CPU) designs. The various addressing modes that are defined in a given instruction set architecture define how machine language instructions in that architecture identify the operand (or operands) of each instruction. An addressing mode specifies how to calculate the effective memory address of an operand by using information held in registers and/or constants contained within a machine instruction or elsewhere.Number of addressing modesDifferent computer architectures vary greatly as to the number of addressing modes they provide in hardware. There are some benefits to eliminating complex addressing modes and using only one or a few simpler addressing modes, even though it requires a few extra instructions, and perhaps an extra register.[1] It has proven[citation needed] much easier to design pipelined CPUs if the only addressing modes available are simple ones. Most RISC machines have only about five simple addressing modes, while CISC machines such as the DEC VAX supermini have over a dozen addressing modes, some of which are quite complicated. The IBMSystem/360 mainframe had only three addressing modes; a few more have been added for the System/390.When there are only a few addressing modes, the particular addressing mode required is usually encoded within the instruction code (e.g. IBM System/390, most RISC). But when there are lots of addressing modes, a specific field is often set aside in the instruction to specify the addressing mode. The DEC VAX allowed multiple memory operands for almost all instructions, and so reserved the first few bits of each operand specifier to indicate the addressing mode for that particular operand. Keeping the addressing mode specifier bits separate from the opcode operation bits produces an orthogonal instruction set.Even on a computer with many addressing modes, measurements of actual programs[citation needed] indicate that the simple addressing modes listed below account for some 90% or more of all addressing modes used. Since most such measurements are based on code generated from high-level languages by compilers, this reflects to some extent the limitations of the compilers being used
Find all known condition code bits if a NEG instruction operates on the hexadecimal number 80 or the number 00?
instruction how to get multiples of number 7 to 20
What is your number 1 source for golf?
RotarySwing.com was the first online golf instruction website and is the number 1 source for golf instruction videos online.
What facts go into determining the use of the addressing bits of an instruction?
Following facts determine the use of addressing bits of an instruction: Number of addressing modes: Sometimes an addressing mode can be indicated implicitly. In other cases, the addressing modes must be explicit, and one or more mode bits will be needed. Number of operands: Typical instructions on today's machines provide for two operands. Each operand address in the instruction might require its own mode indicator, or the use of a mode indicator could be limited to just one of the address fields. Register versus memory: The more that registers can be used for operand references, the fewer bits are needed. Number of register sets: One advantage of using multiple register sets is that, for a fixed number of registers, a functional split requires fewer bits to be used in the instruction. Address range: For addresses that reference memory, the range of addresses that can be referenced is related to the number of address bits. Because this imposes a severe limitation, direct addressing is rarely used. With displacement addressing, the range is opened up to the length of the address register. Address granularity: In a system with 16- or 32-bit words, an address can reference a word or a byte at the designer's choice. Byte addressing is convenient for character manipulation but requires, for a fixed-size memory, more address bits.
Type instruction set used by CPU that has a large number of instructions?
CISC (complex instruction set computing)
