Usually 2 or more samples are taken for testing, this is to ensure a clean sample free of contamination during transportation or other unforeseen circumstances.
4.73 tubes
There are two tubes that take blood out of the heart. These are the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
A two hour glucose tolerance tests requires blood be taken at least twice (once at the start of the test and again two hours later), but depending on the exact reason for the test more samples may be required.
Inverting a tube of blood will not prevent it clotting. Only an anticoagulant will do this, the different coloured tops on blood samples refer to the different anticoagulants or lack thereof inside the tubes. Inverting the tube is done to mix blood samples that have settled gently inverting the tube 6-10 times is enough to mix the blood. Inverting the tube more than this or doing it too violently could trigger clotting even in a sample containing an anticoagulant.
There are many blood sample tubes. The most basic one would be the Red top tube (red top blood sample tube). Or the Light Blue coagulation tube - NOTE: If coag tests only are ordered AND you are using a butterfly, draw a discard tube to collect the air in the tubing. Failure to do so will result in a short draw which will be rejected by the lab. The blood samples can be delivered to the lab in these (tube) containers.
There are many tests for alleles that cause human genetic disorders. These tests are usually taken by blood or other bodily samples.
0.2 L
There are millions of the tiny tubes in each of the kidney to carry blood and other nutrients both inside and outside of the kidney. The artery basically divides into many tiny blood vessels throughout the kidney.
It depends on what the samples are being used for. Blood can be stored for a couple of days without ill effects (blood banks use special freezers a fraction above 32 degrees to store blood for about a week). Blood samples sent to labs to test for drugs can sit for a couple of weeks without problems because the chemicals they are searching for won't decay much. Blood samples used to detect diseases are usually processed within 48 hours.
5-10mls
No. There are many tests for the liver and they all require either large blood samples or lab equipment.
Many different people can take blood samples, all the way from physicians, to nurses, techs, and phlebotomists. I am guessing you are asking about phlebotomists, however.