11 are nominated by the Taoiseach. 43 are elected by five panels representing Culture and Education, Agriculture, Labour, Industry and Commerce, and Public Administration.
6 are elected by the graduates of two universities: - three each by the National University of Ireland and the University of Dublin (Trinity College).
Canadian Senators are not elected to their office. Instead, they are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. There are currently 105 Senators in Canada.
Irish MEPs are elected by the people, not chosen by the Taoiseach.
The number of terms is unlimited. Prime Ministers are not elected directly by the British public. They are chosen by the party that wins government, which is based on winning the most seats in the lower house in parliament.
The only exception to the rule of the Roman Republic that there could only one dictator was in 216 BC after the battle of Cannae during the Second Punic War. Marcus Fabius Buteo was appointed dictator with the very specific and narrow mandate of filling up the vacancies in the senate which had been created by the death of many senators in that battle. He was appointed because he was the oldest surviving former censor (an officer of state who kept the roll of senators and enrolled new senators). He resigned as soon as he finished revising the roll and enlisting the new senators. The other dictator, Marcus Junius Pera, who was appointed with the mandate to fight Hannibal's army, served the full six months of this office.
It is estimated that about 7500 are appointed by the president. They would not hold their jobs without this appointment.
According to "http://home.earthlink.net/~dbratman/senate.html", 2167 different people have served as Senators. This number may include people who were both elected (by the people or each state prior to the 17th amendment) and appointed to replace senators who did not serve out their terms due to resignation, death, etc.
2 state senators and there are 100 us senators 2 for every state
Members of the Senate of Canada are appointed by the Governor General (the Queen's representative) on the advice of the prime minister. Senators serve until they reach the age of seventy-five. If they leave the Senate early, they can be re-appointed as many times as the prime minister recommends, and resign at the age of seventy-five.
30 senators
100 Senators
2 senators
100 senators!