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Cataracts, the clouding-over of the lens, usually affect both eyes and one more than the other. They are so common in elderly people that almost everybody over the age of sixty-five has some minor sign, usually at the edge of the lens, which doesn't greatly trouble the vision. Like aching backs and arthritic joints, cataracts are part of growing old. Fortunately, they are painless. Usually, this stage you need to see a specialist.

The other good news for victims is that in recent years eye surgeons have made enormous progress in treating cataracts. The operation, which takes one of several forms according to the condition of the lenses, lasts about an hour. The success rate is high - about 95 percent. One technique, using a freezing probe, removes the whole lens. In another, the opaque part is drawn out by suction. In a third, a high-speed vibrator breaks up the cataract so that it can be withdrawn through a hollow needle. Because the operation destroys part of the lens, a replacement is needed before the patient can see clearly again. Sometimes, the opthamologist prescribes thick glasses or contact lenses. In other cases, a permanent plastic lens is implanted in the eye.

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Q: How many stages are there to cataracts and at what stage do people generally have surgery?
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