You can sometimes substitute all-purpose flour for whole wheat flour in a recipe. To do this, you would use the same amount. However, not all recipes will turn out if you do this.
Baking powder - add two teaspoons of baking powder to each cup of plain flour. In America they call "plain flower" all "purpose flour", in Australia where I am from we have 2 main types Plain & self raising. :)
2 to 1
Baking powder is a 1:3 ratio of baking soda to cream of tartar. You cannot just substitute cream of tartar for baking powder - you also need the baking soda.
There is not a standard amount - it varies according to what you are cooking. If you wish to turn plain flour into self-raising, you need baking powder (which is a 1:3 ratio of bicarbonate of soda to cream of tartar). You need one teaspoon of baking powder to a cup of plain flour to create self-raising flour.
Numerous other types of wheat flour may be substituted for all purpose flour, particularly cake flour, unbleached flour and bread flour. Self-rising flour may be substituted for all purpose flour if the amounts of baking powder, baking soda and salt are adjusted. Bread flour contains higher amounts of protein than cake flour. This is because high protein content helps to keep bread dough from falling, but is less desirable for cakes because it tends to add a degree of toughness. All-purpose flour has protein levels that fall somewhere between the two, resulting in a compromise that will work for cakes or bread, but not optimally for either. So if you are making a substitution for all-purpose flour, use bread flour for bread and cake flour for cakes, pastries, etc.
Neither, it has corn starch. Use about 1/4 cup of corn starch and the balance all purpose white flour for two cups of cake flour. Or, about a 7:1 ratio of flour to corn starch.
I don't know how much volume 4 oz. will be, but most recipes use the ratio of 1 teaspoon of baking powder to 1 cup of flour. Weigh the flour, measure it and find the amount of baking powder that way.
Add 1 1/4 tsp. baking powder for each cup of flour. Bread flour may not be preferred if making biscuits, cakes, or pastries. Use cake flour or all-purpose flour for those.
Yes, Cake flour can be used instead of all purpose flour but cake flour will make it more dense because it produced more gluten than all purpose flour.Clarification:If you use cake flour instead of all purpose flour, use 1 cup plus two tablespoons cake flour for every cup all purpose flour called for in the recipe. For example, if the recipe calls for 2 cups all purpose flour, you would use 2 cups plus 4 tablespoons cake flour.The results won't be exactly as if you used all purpose flour, but this is the standard substitution ratio.
None. Recipes calling for self rising will also call for salt. The only thing self rising has in it is baking powder. If you notice, most recipes use the ratio of 1 teaspoon of baking powder to 1 cup of flour. This is a common ratio, but some recipes can have more or less depending on what you are making.
If you need 1 cup of all purpose flour you can substitute that for 1 cup of cake flour plus two table spoons. so 2.5 cups of all purpose flour equals two 2.5 cups of cake flour plus 5 table spoons. see: http://www.texascooking.com/cooksneedtoknow.htm
Yes, in a pinch you can fake the higher starch-to-protein ratio of cake flour by mixing a couple of tablespoons of corn starch per cup of all purpose flour.