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When the Ottoman Empire ended during World War I, it controlled the territory of modern Turkey, plus what are now: Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Armenia and part of the peninsula where Saudi Arabia is.

The Ottoman Empire also controlled Egypt and Kuwait, but this control was not well-enforced, and those countries largely acted independent of the Sultan's control (both were actually closely aligned with the UK). Most of modern Saudi Arabia was similarly independent.

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The decline of the Ottoman Empire in the decades before World War I left a power vacuum. The European countries made secret alliances about how to take control of the former Ottoman lands, eventually leading to the war.


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