The American regime imposed the English language as the lingua franca in the islands through free public education.
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re-oriented period in american regime
During the Spanish-American war Philippine freedom fighters were allied with the US. After that war, during the Philippine-American War (Philippine Insurrection) they wer at war with the US government. During World War2, Philippine freedom fighters were guerrillas against the Japanese occupation and supported by the US.
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The Philippine educational system came to a complete standstill upon the evasion of the Japanese army. During the occupation educational institutions remained closed.
The Manila Bay
re-oriented period in american regime
Philippine currency during the American period continued to be the Peso.
During the American colonial period in the Philippines (1898-1946), Philippine literature saw the emergence of English as a major language of literary expression alongside Spanish and Filipino languages. This period marked the beginning of modern Philippine literature with writers such as Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, and Carlos Bulosan producing works that reflected the complexities of colonialism, identity, and cultural fusion. American influence brought new literary forms like the short story and the novel, as well as thematic elements that reflected the values, conflicts, and aspirations of both Philippine and American societies.
Philippine literature has been present long before the Spanish colonization in the 16th century. Pre-colonial literature includes oral tradition, folklore, and epic poems. During the Spanish colonial period, Philippine literature evolved with the introduction of Western influences and production of works in Spanish.
During the Spanish-American war Philippine freedom fighters were allied with the US. After that war, during the Philippine-American War (Philippine Insurrection) they wer at war with the US government. During World War2, Philippine freedom fighters were guerrillas against the Japanese occupation and supported by the US.
The four periods of Philippine literature are the Pre-Colonial Period, the Spanish Colonial Period, the American Colonial Period, and the Contemporary Period. Each period is characterized by different influences and themes that shaped Filipino literary works during those times.
Philippine literature experienced a struggle in mind and spirit during the period of Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos from 1972 to 1981. Writers during this time faced censorship and repression, leading to a challenging environment for creative expression. Many works produced during this period reflected the socio-political realities and resistance against the authoritarian regime.
During the period of activism in Philippine literature, writers embraced socially relevant themes and issues, particularly those related to social injustice, inequality, and political repression. Works of literature during this time often served as instruments for critiquing the government and advocating for social change and political reforms. Prominent writers such as Jose F. Lacaba, Bienvenido Lumbera, and Lualhati Bautista contributed significant works that captured the spirit of activism in Philippine society.
African American creativity in music and literature during the Harlem Renaissance
During the Japanese regime, common works of literature included "The Heart of a Dog" by Mikhail Bulgakov, "For Whom the Bell Tolls" by Ernest Hemingway, and "The Grapes of Wrath" by John Steinbeck. These works often reflected themes of struggle, survival, and resilience during difficult times.
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During the period of the New Society in the Philippines (1972-1986), literature reflected the changing social and political landscape under President Ferdinand Marcos. Works often highlighted themes of nationalism, resistance, and social justice. Writers such as Bienvenido Lumbera, Ninotchka Rosca, and Jose F. Lacaba used their craft to critique the oppressive regime and advocate for democracy.