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By that time, the Roman Empire already had much trouble keepings its enormously long borders adequately patrolled. These were the times that Roman Emperors followed each other in quick succession and most of them were generals of border legions that were proclaimed emperor after the fall of the previous one. Usually, the aspiring Emperor then took most of his troops elsewhere to make good his claim.

Also, at the time most of the Roman border troops in Gaul consisted of non-Romans, many of them from Germanic tribes. They would drive back Germanic immigrants if under strict orders to do so, but would look the other way (undermanned as most legions already were) if left to their own devices. You also have to remember that there was not a strict division between the people of Gaul and the people of Germany: ever since the days of Caesar 400 years earlier Germanic people - often also the Roman army's Germanic veterans - had been settling in the border regions of Gaul.

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How were Germanic groups able to cross into Gaul in 406?

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The Romans considered them barbaric and when an alliance was tried it ended in the Germanic tribes ambushed and defeated three Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest. The Romans were never able to conquer Germanic territories east of the Rhine river.


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