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Roman sculptures of the republican period were bust which were faithful representational renditions of what the subject actually looked like and, in that sense, were realistic. The tended to emphasise the features of old age, which represented the wisdom of age of the leaders and also the republican ideal of dignitas, intergitas and gravitas.

The statues of the period of rule by emperors were different. The first emperor, Augustus, encouraged full body statues which copied Greek models of the statuaries of Hellenistic rulers. These statues were more idealised to help to create a personality cult centred on himself. He liked to be represented as a divine and as a military leader. He also started a trend for youthful depictions. The vigour of youth now became a symbol of leadership instead of the wisdom of old age.

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They had sculptors who were very skilled at this. It was part of the spirit of the Roman Republic to portray men realistically. However, there was also an element of idealism. The features of old age were sometimes emphasised because age was associated with wisdom and good statesmanship. During the subsequent period of rule by emperors, Roman sculpture became mainly fully body and was modelled on Hellenistic sculpture and was often used to idealise and glorify the emperor. Realism became confined to depictions of the human body and its movements.

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Q: How were roman sculptures realistic?
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