Because it's a small portion
It is a portion of the copyright law, section 107 in the US, which allows certain unlicensed uses of protected materials for research, study, and education.
No. You could copyright a drawing or photograph of the logo but the logo itself would have to be protected as a trademark.
Not likely. Most school logos are protected as trademarks and the original artwork is generally protected by the artists copyright.
You cannot copyright an idea, only the expression of it. Printed instructions, for example, could be protected.
Mascots are more likely to be protected as trademarks.
As soon as it is fixed in a tangible medium, it is automatically protected by copyright. However if this was a school assignment, copyright MAY go to the school rather than the individual (this is often the case in US colleges and universities).
Logos and other marks used in trade are protected as trademarks. Registration is not required for protection.
Much of copyright law consists of exemptions that allow schools certain limited unlicensed uses of protected materials. Beyond that, schools interact with copyright in much the same way any other institution or business would.
No it would not be a copyright infringement. Copyright does not protect names, titles, common words/phrases, facts, ideas, systems, or methods of operation. However product names can be, and usually rare, registered as trademarks.
The 1916 edition is in the public domain; new material in later editions may still be protected, depending on how it was registered.
Yes. unless you have their permission to do so, yes. ALLprofessional teams logos are protected by copyright and I believe that even high school mascots and team logos may enjoy such protection.
If the mural has any copyright at all, it was initially owned by the author, but the author may sell his or her copyright to others.