It depends on how much higher you're talking about. Generally though, if both outputs are the same voltage, both power supplies are at the same voltage, both power supplies have connectors that use the same polarity and fit the plug, you should be OK.
Rechargeable batteries will use what power they need to recharge and a larger power supply just means that you have additional current available for use. The problam lies in the power supply being too large (we're assuming you're talking the `wall wart' type chargers) and they dissipate their excess in the form of heat. This could cause the power supply to literally melt down if it's too excessive.
If you're talking something like the oroginal being 100 milliamps and the replacement being 200-300 milliamps, you should be OK, but keep an eye on it for the first few charges just to make sure.
No, your universal alternating current direct current adapter will not mess up your electronic product. The rating that you find on the adapter is the maximum amount that you can draw from the device without damaging it. It is not like there is a surplus of current waiting to be used. The amount of current draw that it can produce is governed by the load demand. What you don't want to do is connect a device to the adapter that has a load higher that the rating of the adapter. Usually you can find the rating on the adapter rated in milli amps (ma) along with the output voltage. Also the load device will have what the amp draw is, also in milli amps.
No the higher voltage could damage the device connected to it.
No, underpowering will not "power" the device, it will not run. You must get an adapter that is 6V and (2A or higher) will be ok as well.
The amperage output on an adapter is the rating applied by the design manufacturer. Connecting a load that draws more that the design limit of the adapter will damage the adapter. As long as your connected load stays under the adapters rating there is no problem.
Most probably you are using a AC (117V or 220V) to DC 6V converter adapter. If yes, then the answer is no, you cannot use a lower current rating for a device that draws more current. If you plug in a device that needs DC 6V 500 mA to an adapter that can only supply DC 6V 300mA, then the adapter could start sending higher than 6 volts current which may damage your equipment or overheat the adapter. If you are using a higher mA rating adapter, then it's okay. For more technical details, see: http://www.jaycar.com.au/images_uploaded/plugpack.pdf
For higher current applications you would need a power transformer, for lower current applications you would need an adapter transformer.
You should not use a power adapter with a higher voltage output than the input rating on the computer. It can cause damage to the computer and the battery. You can use a lower voltage. If you do and you are using your computer, it might not charge but it will prolong the time you have before it runs out. If you do not use it, then it will charge but slower than with the correctly rated power adapter.
You can't really separate them. It's the current flowing through your body that does the damage, but the value of the current depends on the voltage across your body -the higher the voltage, the higher the resulting current.
No, it is not recommended to substitute a 12 volt 0.5 amp AC adapter with a 7.5 volt 1 amp adapter. The voltage and amperage ratings need to match the requirements of the device you are powering. Using a lower voltage adapter may not provide enough power, and using a higher voltage adapter can potentially damage the device.
NO! It will fry your device. Use same V and possibly higher amp rated adapter.
Yes. As long as the voltage is the same which it is. The 800mA is the capacity that the transformer can produce safely without going into an overload state. Your original adapter was rated at 500mA which means that what ever device was plugged into it draws less that 500mA. You might notice that the new adapter is slightly physically larger. So you are safe to use the new adapter with the higher rating.
Absolutely. The first rule: Source voltage should be equal to the device voltage. The second rule: Source current sould be higher than the cumulative of the device's current.