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If we deal with a modern digital telephone, this is what happens.

1) When you speak you cause vibrations (sound) in the air.

2) These vibrations move a magnet in an coil found in the telephones microphone.

3) This movement of the microphone generates electricity.

4) The electrical oscillations are converted into numbers which describe them via an analogue to digital converter.

5) The number stream is sent over the telephone wire or (carrier wave with a cell phone) through all the exchanges to the telephone you are calling.

6) In the receiving telephone the number stream is converted back into electrical oscillations by an digital to analogue converter.

7) The electrical oscillations are fed into a coil in which sits a magnet (and cone)- called the speaker.

8) The magnet moves in response to the electricity in the coil and causes the cone to vibrate the air.

9) The person on the phone hears the vibrations in their ear as sound.

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Q: In terms of energy transfers and transformations How is sound transmitted and received by telephone?
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