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Indentureship is not a direct equation to slavery. The brutality, magnitude and scale of slavery defies any such comparison.

However, the system of indentureship bears the inheritance of slavery, in that its features and practice were a result of slavery -- the transportation of individuals valued only as bodily labour from one end of empire to another, where plantations benefitted from displacement and domination (e.g., where office of the Protector of Slaves morphed into Protector of Immigrants).

Indentured labourers were not forced in chains to board boats, but neither was it completely voluntary. The ambiguities and complexities--e.g., colonial forms written in English, necessarily signed by thumbprint by those who did not understand the roman script, and therefore could not provide informed consent to travel to unknowable destinations-- makes a binary between forced and free untenable.

In the wake of Emancipation, the sugar industry panicked. Planters tried to find a legal means to secure still dependent yet "free" laborers. For planters (colonial oppressors), this was not a choice between slave or free labour, but rather a double-bind between 'no labor' (i.e., understandably many of the former enslaved did not wish to work on plantations) or "bound coolie" labor. Milliroux (1877) characterized the choice facing planters in the post-Emancipation era thusly: "Some [planters] proposed the adoption of ploughs, excavators, and other instruments worked by steam power; others, the introduction of the largest possible number of machines, each with the power of two arms and of a good back-bone, called immigrants" (p.36). Clearly, ideas of subservience were not abolished with emancipation.

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4d ago

Both indentureship of East Indians and African slavery involved coerced labor under harsh conditions, limited personal freedoms, and a lack of autonomy. Both groups suffered from exploitation, abuse, and discrimination at the hands of their colonial masters. Despite some differences in their historical context and legal status, both systems were forms of exploitation and subjugation.

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Q: In what way was the indentureship of the East Indians similar to the African slaves?
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