I don't know what you mean, the Sun always "hits the Earth directly". A full moon happens when the Moon is opposite to the Sun in the sky.
Around 7%.
No not directly.
The full moon. Earth is ALMOST directly between the sun and moon, so the sun is "behind" us when we look at the moon. That is why the moon appears entirely lit to us, and is considered "full". If Earth IS directly between the sun and moon, which does not happen during most full moons, then there is a lunar eclipse.
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The moon does not "go" anywhere. the earht spins very slowly. so when it is morning the moon it on the other side of the world.
The earth does not block the sun during *most* full moons because it is not *directly* between the sun and moon. If the earth does block the sun from the moon, then the earth must be directly between the sun and moon. This will happen at full moon, since the three must be in a line, and you would see the full moon, then the eclipse, then the moon fully illuminated again.
This is where the earth and moon line up so that the earth falls directly between the sun and moon. The sun's light is blocked from hitting the moon making the moon vanish from sight temporarily.
There would not be a difference in the effects between a new moon and a full moon. However, the effects of the storm hitting at high tide during a full moon or new moon will be worse than at high tide during a half moon.