Yes; they would be considered to be "literary works" as long as they contain exclusively original material.
Sufficiently original literary works are automatically protected by copyright, even email.
Not at the moment, but it is frequently discussed. You can sign up for email updates from the Copyright Office in order to stay abreast of the issue.
Under US law, yes. A work is protected by copyright as soon as it is created, and it would be a violation of copyright to copy IN ANY WAY even an unpublished draft work without the consent of the copyright holder.
Disney rarely handles business via email. The main fax number is 818-560-1930.
There are no "copyright folks" at the NFL. What you need is the licensing department and all the contact information is at the related link below (you'll need a pdf reader.)
An email is automatically covered by copyright from the moment it is created, at least to the extent it contains original and creative work. The text would be considered a "literary work" and non-text attachments may be covered as pictorial, graphic, audiovisual works or sound recordings.
Rightsholders tend to prefer dealing in writing; if their website doesn't include forms for what you wish to do, email is a good option. Occasionally you will need to fax or mail a copyright holder or administrator.
The current verdict about online content is the original creator owns the copyright to that email. All content online is not public domain unless states so on the webpage it was posted.
In the most technical sense, yes: you are duplicating and distributing a work created by someone else.
Nike has an email hotline for this: counterfeit@nike.com
No, it is a violation of copyright laws. Youtube routinely goes through and eliminates videos that violate those laws. They will also respond rapidly if requested to remove them from the copyright holders. Actually i posted a video and that happened to me,they send you an email you fill out the form and it is perfectly fine!
To email yourself the first 12 chapters of Midnight Sun, you can find the chapters online, copy and paste them into an email draft, and send it to your own email address. Just make sure to follow any copyright laws or regulations when sharing the content.