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GNU/Linux? Plenty. Debian, Ubuntu, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Slackware, Fedora, and many more. Non-GNU Linux? Android.
Your choice of OS should not be determined by what runs best. It should be by your own personal coice. Otherwise people would just run command line OSes.
Yes. All linux based OS's can be installed at side or over W7.
Windows or Linux. Its a users option for this. Linux is free but Windows is more popular.
Linux is a operating system, just like Windows and Mac OS. Unlike Windows and Mac OS Linux is free and open source. Some popular Linux distributions include, Fedora, Redhat, Ubuntu, Centos, and many more. If you would like to play around with linux try downloading a virtualization program and installing Linux on it.
The best Linux OS in customer reviews appears to be the Mint. Several reviewers recommend it as one of the best systems to install and use on your desktop.
The latest open source operating system include the Kubuntu Linux and the Fedora Linux. The open source operating system refers to an OS that runs on a computer and is free for use and to be modified.
Linux Mint to learn. Ubuntu for gamers/programmers & Kali Linux for penetration testers and hackers.
I'd go with Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).
There are literally hundreds or thousands of open source operating systems. Some of the more popular one's are Linux based, but there is also BSD or QNX or Haiku. Look at http://distrowatch.com for Linux based open source OS, such as Ubuntu, SuSE, Red Hat, Fedora, etc.
The best OS for hackers is Backtrack Linux 5.
Desktop computers and laptop use the same OS. Microsoft Windows is one popular OS, Macintosh OS X is another, as is Linux in in its many Distros.