While it is definitely difficult to land a plane without spoilers or putting on the flaps, it is possible. The best scenario for a plane that is trying to land without these important instruments would be to try and obtain as much runway as possible.
Flaps is the only name, although there are similar devices called slats and spoilers.
The four parts are the Aileron, Spoilers, Flaps, and Slats. Others are the Elevator, and Rudder
Yes, it IS possible for most airplanes to take off without using flaps, but it is usually not done because airplane would need a longer runway or more speed before the wings could create enough lift to get off the ground.
Usually called Primary Flight Controls. They are: Elevator, Rudder and Aileron. A few aircraft's use Spoilers as the only mean of lateral control. These spoilers would be primary flight controls on these planes. All other flight controls are called secondary. Slats, flaps, stabilizer, spoilers, speed brakes etc...
The main purpose of having flaps is to slow down the airplane without increasing pitch.
The flaps, when extended, basically make the wing bigger which generates more lift. during takeoff, it helps to have as much lift as possible to aid the aircraft in it's ascent into the air. during taxiing, there is no real benefit to having the flaps out. the reason the flaps are extended during taxiing is to save time. if the flaps are extended while the plane is taxiing, it doesent have to do it later before it takes off.
The simple answer is, flaps extend below and to the rear of the wing from the trailing edge and actually change the geometry of the wing, at the same time increasing drag and lift. Spoilers rise out of the top of the wing and kill lift without changing wing geometry, or adding too appreciably to drag.
Sharks get around without an operculum due to the fact that they instead have branchial flaps. The branchial flaps allow the shark to lay on the sea floor and still "breath" without taking in sand.
The "flaps" are simply covers. The fine gas transfering membranes are part of the fillaments inside and are protected from the covers "flaps". These membranes work in exactly the same way as the tissues in your lungs.
Other than the elevators, ailerons, and rudder, airplanes have flaps (which cchange the lift and drag), spoilers (which change the lift, drag, and roll), and slats (which change the lift).
Airplane wings are designed to be most efficient when at high altitudes, traveling fast, while providing as little drag as possible. Unfortunately this design inst the best for takeoff and landing. Flaps are used to change the shape of the wing to accommodate takeoff and landing requirements. Most planes have flaps on the front of the wings (leading edge flaps) and at the back of the wings. During takeoff flaps increase lift so a plane can take off with limited runway length and lower speeds. As the plane gains speed the flaps are retracted. On approach and landing you want to fly as slow as possible so the flaps are deployed in increments till landing speed is achieved. Landing slower means less runway needed to stop.
. . . flaps!