Answer 1
It is not true that Islam was tolerated in the areas reconquered by Christians. Review historian sayings, in the related links, on the behavior of Muslims when got control of Jerusalem and Spain and the counter behavior when Christian regained control for proofs and more details.
Answer 2
The historical record is mixed and depends entirely on a given set of circumstances. While the Christian regimes were typically more Anti-Muslim than Muslim regimes were Anti-Christian, this is not a hard and fast rule.
The During the Reconquest of Spain, period Muslims were permitted to live in much the same way as they had prior to the onset of Reconquest. This period of toleration lasted from roughly 900 C.E. until 1492 C.E. when the Muslims were expelled from Spain along with the Jews.
The conquest of the Ottoman Balkans by the Austro-Hungarians (a Catholic regime which had targeted Protestants in the 1500s for death) resulted in the acquisition of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a primarily Muslim region. There were no attempts by the Austrians to remove or to Christianize this Muslim population.
Of course, as noted above, these are the outliers. The more common Christian action has been to forbid Islam in Christendom up until the post-World War II era.
The During the Reconquest of Spain, period Muslims were permitted to live in much the same way as they had prior to the onset of Reconquest. This period of toleration lasted from roughly 900 C.E. until 1492 C.E. when the Muslims were expelled from Spain along with the Jews.
Answer 1No, Islam was considered a "Devil's religion" during the crusades. Anything that had to with Arabs or Islam was banned by the Catholic Roman Church. Although Christians were allowed to practice their believes in Islamic Arabia.Answer 2It depends on what territories we are talking about and when they were reconquered. While Answer 1 is certainly correct about the Crusader States in the Levant massacring Muslim populations and denying the right to worship freely, there have been several times when Christian Empires have conquered previous Muslim States and permitted freedom of worship to the indigenous Muslims.The During the Reconquest of Spain, period Muslims were permitted to live in much the same way as they had prior to the onset of Reconquest. This period of toleration lasted from roughly 900 C.E. until 1492 C.E. when the Muslims were expelled from Spain along with the Jews. Additionally, Muslims in Bosnia were not persecuted under the Catholic Austro-Hungarian Empire when Bosnia was conquered in the late 1800s.
For those areas where Muslims were tolerated (because there are numerous cases where they were not), there were three general reasons:Knowledge: In the medieval period, Muslims were as technologically advanced, if not more so, than Christian Europeans. They were left alone to pursue their religious and scientific pursuits in order to produce those technologies for Christian states. Additionally, Muslims contributed to the effort to translate books from Arabic into Latin.Difficulty of Removal: If there is a large population of Muslims in an area, it takes significant military force and capital to expel them. Of course, this was not a perfect deterrent since many Christian rulers decided to bite the bullet and forcibly exile Muslim populations, but it tempered the hands of those who were on the edge.Liberal Philosophy: In some Christian States, there was the philosophy that all people had rights regardless of which faith they practiced. While this is a more modern reason, there are several Christian States which conquered Muslim populations and let them worship freely for this reason.
There are a few major areas Islam expanded too. Islam expands from South to East Asia.
Answer 1Because there was a ruler that wanted that land and that ruler almost defeated him once.Answer 2Prior to the 20th century, most Europeans were pious Christians and many states had strict laws against the proselytization of Islam within their borders. Therefore, Islam only spread in areas that Muslims had conquered and controlled for centuries.
Across the globe, people of every race and nationality have converted to Islam.
All over the world
Turkey's dominant religion is Sunni Islam of the Hanafi School. There are Muslim minorities such as Alevis and Alawites, but these are minor. Historically, there used to be some areas of the country with Greek Orthodox Christian, Georgian Orthodox Christians, and Armenian Apostolic Christians, especially near to the major cities like Izmir, Istanbul, and Edirne in the west and Van and Trabzon in the east. Due to the Armenian Genocide (1915-1917) and the Greco-Turkish Population Exchange (1923), these minorities no longer exist in Turkey in any meaningful way. There also used to be a sizable Jewish populaton in Turkey prior to the establishment of the State of Israel. In 1949, almost all of the Jewish community emigrated to Israel.
christians
Islam is spread all over the areas of the world although with different percentages.
In all areas and all cities the Muslims are in majority and focus on Islam.
There were some Jewish and Christian Arab tribes in Arabia that allied with the Muslim armies and Jews in a number of regions assisted Muslims with local governance during the expansionary campaigns, freeing more Muslims to fight. However, Christians in most areas did not openly support the Rise of Islam and the people of Byzantine Palestine were opposed to Arab expansion before they were conquered.