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potato
modified underground stem
Onion is an underground modified stem.
Onion is a modified stem because it is a stem which grows underground
A carrot is the root, just like a potato or onion.
Rhizome or corm
Yes
corm
Potatoes are considered stems and not roots, because they are the part of the stem of the plant that grows underground, it's the part of the stem that thickens and accumulate starch.
A tuber.
Bulb, tuber and rizhome are all modified underground stems.
Sweet potato is a type of potato but it is not like potato produce by underground stem but by storage root