by default Linux doesnt support windows applications although wine and crossover can install and run them. you can take a look at winehq.org and www.codeweavers.com for more information on it and whether your application is supported.
Have a look at WUBI (search Google) to install Ubuntu as a file, without making any changes to your Windows 8 hard-drive. To remove WUBI, simply use Windows utility to uninstall programs. Or, create a separate partition on the Windows hard-drive and install Linux (or which ever distro you wish to use) on to the new partition. Remember to first backup important files onto an external storage device. Or, download and burn a Linux distribution with an ISO extension onto a CD and use as a Live Disk. If you then intend to install Linux, you will be given the choice to either install as a dual-boot with Windows by installing Linux alongside Windows, or wiping Windows and letting Linux use all the hard-drive.
That depends on what steps you used in the installation program.
As with any program, installation instructions vary by distro. Most distros should have Pencil in their repository, though, so if you know how to install programs on your distribution, you should be able to install it.
Linux has no built-in support for Windows programs, but many Windows programs and games can be used if you install Wine, a compatibility layer. There are some commercial programs that do the same thing, such as Cedega, that are targeted specifically at games, or Crossover Office, which is targeted at Micosoft Office.
You cannot install linux on a Chromebook, you can only run it as a chroot.
You can try installing wine on your distro install, download the windows version of the Java (JRE-JDK....), install it an try yto run via wine. I'm getting it to work here, but the screen is crappy.
Almost every Linux distro can run multimedia programs, and has them available in their repository. Several distros are targeted at multimedia production and bundle such software by default. These include Ubuntu Studio, 64 Studio, dyne:bolic, and Musix.
Yes, install Windows first, then whichever distribution of Linux you want second.
The 2 operating systems are different from each other. Linux programs aren't meant to work in Windows most of the time. If you want to run Linux programs in Windows, install cygwin, and compile them from source code.
The question cannot be answered as stated, since you don't mention which Windows system and which distro of Linux
"Types" of Linux are Called Linux Distributions. Linux by itself is only a kernel, you need more than that for a full system, to get this, distro's were develpoed to include all of this to make a Linux system easier to install. Popular Distro's Are Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, RHEL, Linux Mint, Arch Linux, OpenSUSE, etc, you can find more at distrowatch
MicroSoft Windows - Windows 8 : Linux - Ubuntu 14.04 are two examples. Note: Linux is the name of the kernel, while Ubuntu is a distribution (distro) and is one of many Operating Systems available to Linux users for free.