3.460e-19
Electrons are located in energy levels within the electron cloud.
The energy of electrons is expressed in eV (electron volts).
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level.
the 1st ionization energy is 403.03 kJ/mol.. since it's oxidation state is +1, you don't normally take away more than one electron so the 2nd and 3rd ionization energies are much larger and don't usually matter
Donor atoms are atoms that donate electrons and have an extra pair of electrons in their orbital. Acceptor atoms are atoms that accept electrons and have a empty orbital to accommodate the extra electrons.
Caesium has more electron levels than rubidium, because the electrons are further away the attraction between the outer electrons and protons in the nucleus is less. But that's not just the answer. There is also a thing called electron shielding, the negative charges, of the electrons in the energy levels closer to the nucleus, sort of repel the outer electrons so they can't get closer to the nucleus. Since the electrons are further away and have the attraction from the positively charged nucleus reduced, it takes less energy to break the attraction for caesium than rubidium.
In common with all the other Alkali Metals, Rubidium has one valence electron.
Electrons in the outermost energy shell (valence shell) have the most energy.
Rubidium
Electrons are located in energy levels within the electron cloud.
in the same way as sodium/potassium forms an ion. Lithium has an electron configuration of 2,1 Sodium has an electron configuration of 2,8,1, Potassium has an electron configuration of 2,8,8,1 Rubidium has an electron configuration of 2,8,8,18,1 Caesium has the electron configuration of 2,8,8,18,18,1 Notice in all cases the last number is '1'. This represents the outer most electron, shell with one electron. Since it is the outer most electron and is shielded by energy shells of electrons from the nucleus, this outer most electron is not strongly held to the atom. The atom readily releases this outermost electron , and the process is called ionisation. Chemically it is represented by the formula M(g) = M^+(g) + e^- NB 'M' is an ATOM 'M^+' is an ION (Not an atom).
The outermost electrons are called VALENCE electrons.
The energy of electrons is expressed in eV (electron volts).
The energy is higher.
Rubidium has 5 shells because the first shells has 1 electron, the next 2 shells have 8 electrons, the fourth shells has 18 electrons and the last shells has 2 electrons. the atomic number is 37, 1+8+8+18+2=37. Therefore Rb has 5 shells. :D
Valence electrons are the highest energy electrons in an atom.
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level.