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What is backward reference in assembler?
In assembly language, a backward reference is when a program refers to a label or memory location that appears earlier in the code. This is commonly used for implementing loops or conditional jumps where the target instruction is located before the jump instruction in memory. Backward references are resolved during the assembly process to calculate relative offsets.
List and briefly define the possible states that define an instruction execution?
The possible states that define an instruction execution are as follows: Instruction address calculation - Determine the address of the next instruction to be executed. Instruction fetch - Read instruction from its memory location into the processor. Instruction operation decoding - Analyze instruction to determine type of operation to be performed and operand to be used. Operand address calculation - If the operation involves reference to an operand in memory or available via I/O, then determine the address of the operand. Operand fetch - Fetch the operand from memory or read it in from I/O. Data operation - Perform the operation indicated in the instruction. Operand store - Write the result into memory or out to I/O.
What is the difference between load and store instruction?
Load instruction means to load the instruction from the memory to the processor (accumulator).. But store instruction is opposite of it,it stores information from accumulator to the memory.
How program instructions transfer in and out of memory?
The instructions have to remain in memory at all times while the program is running. They get there by loading the entire program into memory. The CPU's instruction registers keep track of the current instruction and the next instruction.
The first instruction in the ROM BIOS startup program is always assigned to?
Memory address FFFF0h is the memory address always assigned to the first instruction in the ROM BIOS
Is instruction opcode a type of memory?
The instruction opcode is a type of data contained in memory, pointed to by the PC (Program Counter) register.
What is the name of the cycle in which an instruction is taken from memory and loaded into the instruction register?
Fetch
How many references are needed for each type of instruction to bring an operand into a processor?
Indirect addressing needs 2 reference to memory
If a memory reference takes 200 nanoseconds how long does a paged memory reference take?
twice
What is defference between direct and indirect address?
Direct addressing involves specifying the exact memory address where data is stored or fetched. Indirect addressing involves using a memory address that points to where the data is stored or fetched. In direct addressing, the actual data is accessed, while in indirect addressing, a reference to the data's location is accessed.
Basic steps used by the processor in instruction processing are?
1.Fetch the most instructions from memory. 2.Read an apparend if required by the instruction.(Apparend is a quantity to be operated as directed by its associated instruction.) 3.Execute the instruction.(Do what the instruction says.) 4.Write the result backe into memory.(If required by instruction.)
Explain memory reference and register reference instructions as micro operation?
memory reference instructions as micro operation
