-The tension of the cable (the tighter, the less sag, but this can cause other problems if too tight)
-The temperature outside (the higher the temperature, the more it will sag)
-The amount of current flowing through the cable (the more current, the hotter the conductor will get = more sag)
-The type of cable (aluminimum will sag more than copper; ACSR will sag less than straight aluminimum).
2.9
There is no such thing as a 'phase conductor'; the correct term is 'line conductor'. In a single-phase system, the line conductor is the energised conductor; in a three-phase system, there are three (energised) line conductors.
No neutral is necessary, because the transmission line's line currents are roughly balanced and, so, the phasor sum of those currents will be relatively insignificant, rendering the need for a neutral conductor to be an unnecessary expense. In practise, for most transmission towers, each of the three 'lines' comprises not just a single conductor but, rather, a number of conductors which are bundled together in order to reduce electric stress surrounding the line. The number of conductors per bundle increases with transmission voltages. In the UK, for example, 400-kV transmission lines normally comprise bundles of four conductors, whereas 275-kV transmission lines normally comprise bundles of two, and 132-kV lines just one. Running along the top of transmission towers is an earthed conductor, called a 'guard conductor', whose function is to protect the lines from lightning strikes during electrical storms. Many transmission towers also have two, separate, three-phase circuits -one circuit on each side of the tower. But, definitely, no neutral!
A lossless transmission line is when no energy is lost during transmission of energy from a particular source to destination by a certain material, ie. copper wire. In other words, this material that transmits energy, absorbs none of the energy transmitted. No energy is lost to the material during transfer of energy. It is like saying it is an absolutely perfect conductor having no resistance.
To reduce the electric field intensity at the surface of the conductor which can lead to corona discharge and insulation breakdown. By using bundled conductors, the electric field is distributed between the four (in the case of 400-kV lines) conductors, thus reducing the field intensity per conductor.
Single Circuit PantherACSR Conductor
2.9
In transmission line minimum 3 conductors are run in parallel. Every conductor has a flux which produce losses in other conductor which is run with parallel. So in the middle one conductor the losses is double in respect to other two conductors. At the end of the line the voltage of the middle one conductor is reduced from other conductors due to these losses. The transposition tower is used to change the conductors. By using these tower we shift each conductor position. So we use these towers in long transmission line so that these losses becomes equal for each conductor. and voltage will be almost equal at the end of the transmission line. Regards. Vishal kr. Sharma. (Simplex infrastructures ltd, Power Transmission & Distribution division)
1. by increasing conductor size. 2. by increasing conductor spacing.
DC Resistance = 0.1362 Ohms/km Reactance depends upon line configuration and spacing
The current distribution in a conductor is affected by magnetic flux produced by current flowing in any adjacent conductors as well as by magnetic flux produced by current flowing in the conductor itself. This generally causes the RF to DC resistance ratio to be higher than it would be with only simple skin effect. This effect is very important in radio frequency coils, transmission lines, and most other circumstances where radio frequency currents flow simultaneously in adjacent conductors. It is known as the conductor proximity effect.
advantages:due to corona formation the sir surrounding the conductor becomes the conducting and hence virtual dimeter of the conductor is increased.
Usage of such high voltages will increase the efficiency of the transmission lines and decreases the losses in the line. It also reduces the requirement of conductor size.
Normal air is not a conductor
Due to corona effect virtually conductor size is increase and therefor resistance in transmission line is decreases.so I2R losses will decreases...
plot of conductor sag and span lengths
When the input signal to a transmission line is terminated by its characteristic impedance then the signal gets absorbed in the terminating impedance itself and is not reflected back along the line. Thus, no standing waves are produced in the transmission line.