-The tension of the cable (the tighter, the less sag, but this can cause other problems if too tight)
-The temperature outside (the higher the temperature, the more it will sag)
-The amount of current flowing through the cable (the more current, the hotter the conductor will get = more sag)
-The type of cable (aluminimum will sag more than copper; ACSR will sag less than straight aluminimum).
2.9
There is no such thing as a 'phase conductor'; the correct term is 'line conductor'. In a single-phase system, the line conductor is the energised conductor; in a three-phase system, there are three (energised) line conductors.
No neutral is necessary, because the transmission line's line currents are roughly balanced and, so, the phasor sum of those currents will be relatively insignificant, rendering the need for a neutral conductor to be an unnecessary expense. In practise, for most transmission towers, each of the three 'lines' comprises not just a single conductor but, rather, a number of conductors which are bundled together in order to reduce electric stress surrounding the line. The number of conductors per bundle increases with transmission voltages. In the UK, for example, 400-kV transmission lines normally comprise bundles of four conductors, whereas 275-kV transmission lines normally comprise bundles of two, and 132-kV lines just one. Running along the top of transmission towers is an earthed conductor, called a 'guard conductor', whose function is to protect the lines from lightning strikes during electrical storms. Many transmission towers also have two, separate, three-phase circuits -one circuit on each side of the tower. But, definitely, no neutral!
The sag in a 220 kV transmission line typically depends on several factors, including the line's length, conductor type, temperature, and tension. Generally, the sag can range from a few feet to over 20 feet, depending on these variables. Engineers use specific calculations to determine the exact sag for a given line configuration, often adhering to safety and clearance regulations. For precise measurements, detailed engineering analysis is required.
Transmission lines possess inductance due to the magnetic fields generated by the flow of electric current through the conductors. When current flows, it creates a magnetic field around the conductor, and the changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the line, which is associated with inductance. Additionally, the physical separation between conductors in a transmission line contributes to the line's overall inductance, as the magnetic field interacts with the surrounding environment. This inductance affects the transmission line's impedance and the propagation of signals along the line.
Single Circuit PantherACSR Conductor
2.9
In transmission line minimum 3 conductors are run in parallel. Every conductor has a flux which produce losses in other conductor which is run with parallel. So in the middle one conductor the losses is double in respect to other two conductors. At the end of the line the voltage of the middle one conductor is reduced from other conductors due to these losses. The transposition tower is used to change the conductors. By using these tower we shift each conductor position. So we use these towers in long transmission line so that these losses becomes equal for each conductor. and voltage will be almost equal at the end of the transmission line. Regards. Vishal kr. Sharma. (Simplex infrastructures ltd, Power Transmission & Distribution division)
DC Resistance = 0.1362 Ohms/km Reactance depends upon line configuration and spacing
1. by increasing conductor size. 2. by increasing conductor spacing.
The current distribution in a conductor is affected by magnetic flux produced by current flowing in any adjacent conductors as well as by magnetic flux produced by current flowing in the conductor itself. This generally causes the RF to DC resistance ratio to be higher than it would be with only simple skin effect. This effect is very important in radio frequency coils, transmission lines, and most other circumstances where radio frequency currents flow simultaneously in adjacent conductors. It is known as the conductor proximity effect.
advantages:due to corona formation the sir surrounding the conductor becomes the conducting and hence virtual dimeter of the conductor is increased.
Usage of such high voltages will increase the efficiency of the transmission lines and decreases the losses in the line. It also reduces the requirement of conductor size.
Normal air is not a conductor
Due to corona effect virtually conductor size is increase and therefor resistance in transmission line is decreases.so I2R losses will decreases...
Transmission line can be on H frame up to 66 kv, it can be on structral hollow MS/ wooden high Mast similar one used for illuniating open area , or letice strcutral tower , this depends on level of volatge and type of conductor, land profile and tower spoting.
plot of conductor sag and span lengths