a
Edit: The question is very mixed up, but I think I get the idea.
It's obviously an emission spectrum.
Because it is a high density gas the spectrum should be CONTINUOUS.
When white light from mercury vapour lamp is passed through sodium vapour then we have as outcome a continuous spectrum of colours with two black lines in the yellow-orange region. These two lines stand for the absorption of 5890 A and 5896 A lines of sodium atom Another example is Fraunhofer lines seen in the continuous spectrum got from sun. These lines are due to absorption of characteristic frequencies of metals present in the chromosphere of the sun
it is absorbed by atoms in the cool low density cloud and then remitted in all different directions as a continuous spectrum
That's done by analyzing the star's spectrum.
temperature, color change, precipitate formed
The homosphere is the portion of the earth's atmosphere, up to an altitude of about 50 miles above sea level, in which there is continuous turbulent mixing, and hence the composition of the atmosphere is relatively constant; as opposed to the heterosphere or exosphere, the higher regions in which the composition becomes stratified
Dark lines of the absorption spectrum give the elemental composition of the chromosphere, information about the magnetic field and density of the surface. The peak of the continuous spectrum gives the surface temperature. The Doppler Effect shows the movement of the sun and the sun's surface. Splitting of spectral lines verifies the magnetism of sunspots.
Temperature is generally considered to be continuous. However, at the particle level of physics ,energy is believed to be made of discrete particles, so in actuality temperature may not be continuous but jumps in quantum amounts when temperature changes.
Weather is continuous as the temperature can be 29.2 degrees.
the star's color
Yes. It is a continuous variable. As used in probability theory, it is an example of a continuous random variable.
The process of carbon-14 absorption is still continuous.
temperature
Temperature is continuous. Think about it. You may be only able to tell to the nearest tenth of a degree, but that is just due to your thermometer's accuracy. It can be anywhere in between two temperature values.
thermometer
Tympanic and rectal... and in recent years, monitoring of urinary bladder temperature has become more common. Temperature-sensing indwelling urinary catheters allow continuous drainage of urine and continuous measurement of body temperature.
thermopile
The photosphere of the sun doesn't really produce a continuous spectrum; there are discontinuities corresponding to energy levels of various chemical elements, called spectral lines. Notably Helium was discovered in the absorption lines of the solar spectrum and only later discovered on Earth.