PNP or NPN
Two, either in NPN or PNP transistors
In most discrete bipolar junction transistors the substrate is the collector. In monolithic integrated circuits the bipolar junction transistors are electrically isolated from the substrate, either by reversed biased junctions or insulator (e.g. sapphire). Some older bipolar junction transistor types (usually made with germanium) the substrate is the base. In bipolar point contact transistors the substrate was the base.
The primary reason that NPN transistors are used more often than PNP transistors is that they usually operate faster (at higher frequencies) because the mobility of the current carriers in NPN transistors (electrons) is much higher than that of the current carriers in PNP transistors (holes).
You need to know the specifications for the transistors and search for them on the internet.
These types of transistors are power transistors and generate heat. The heat sink is used to dissipate the heat. If the transistor gets too hot it will fail.
on or off
By driving them to saturation - so that they're either on or off.
Two, either in NPN or PNP transistors
Actually either can be used.
Power transistors are transistors that are used in high-power amplifiers and power supplies.
Transistors have two basic functions: # an electrically controlled electric switch # an electrically controlled "proportional valve" which can alter currents and voltages, or can amplify electric signals. Transistors can also be configured as Oscillators which provide an AC signal with constant frequency. Either an amplifier circuit or a switching circuit can be wired as an oscillator. Transistors can be used to form logic gates: And, Or, and Invert. Computers are made from logic gates, so computers can be made entirely from transistors. Transistors are in use in virtually all electronic devices. PC processors are composed of millions of tiny transistors. A transistor radio may have had only 6-10 transistors to enable operation. A late model car may have 10 to 15 computers comprised of thousands of transistors to perform all manner of operations in the vehicle.
Transistors are made out of semiconductors, yes.
In most discrete bipolar junction transistors the substrate is the collector. In monolithic integrated circuits the bipolar junction transistors are electrically isolated from the substrate, either by reversed biased junctions or insulator (e.g. sapphire). Some older bipolar junction transistor types (usually made with germanium) the substrate is the base. In bipolar point contact transistors the substrate was the base.
Silicon and germanium are the elements used in transistors
Silicon and germanium are the elements used in transistors
The primary reason that NPN transistors are used more often than PNP transistors is that they usually operate faster (at higher frequencies) because the mobility of the current carriers in NPN transistors (electrons) is much higher than that of the current carriers in PNP transistors (holes).
Silicon and germanium are the elements used in transistors