No. Sabbath is a Jewish festival that occurs on every Saturday. The teacher of the Torah was Moses.
The Torah establishes the Sabbath with commandments to keep the Sabbath day, to remember the Sabbath day, and constraining what may be done on the Sabbath. And, in the Jewish liturgy that emerged from this framework, the Sabbath morning service includes a Torah reading where, traditionally, about 1/52 of the Torah is read, so that over the course of the year, every Jew who attends Sabbath services on a regular basis will hear (and, we hope, learn from) the entire Torah.
In Hebrew, it is: (a male teacher) = moreh ha-Torah (a female teacher) = morat ha-Torah
Judaism. See these two links for more about the Torah and the Shabbat.
Because it's a mitzva (meritorious Torah-precept) to enjoy the Sabbath.
Torah-observant Jews don't play any outdoor sports on the Sabbath.
Probably, although there was controversy about healing a man on the Sabbath when he was alive.
No, Torah-observant Jews do not.
Torah scrolls are read from several times every week. (minimum: Monday, Thursday and Sabbath mornings).
The "true Sabbath", if one wishes to observe it as it was original set out in the Torah, starts Friday sundown and ends Saturday sundown.
They met to pray, read the Torah, and learn Torah. Not just to "talk."The reason they did this (and still do) is because many people work during the week and don't have much time to learn Torah, except on the Sabbath.
Electric devices are not mentioned in the Torah, but it's part of the 39 prohibited tasks.
The Sabbath from Friday Night to Saturday Night. The Torah is read seven times on the Sabbath. There were (and are) strict penalties and rules on how to observes the Sabbath. People were killed if they violated the Sabbath, such as the man who was caught gathering sticks on the Sabbath and was immediately stoned to death.