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Many ancient generals were successful with the phalanx miltary formation as this formation was in widespread use in the Mediterranean for several centuries. The phalanx was a tight square formation with the infantrymen were tightly packed in 8 or more lines. It was part of the hoplite military "revolution" which started in Greece in the 7th cntury BC and spread around the Mediterranean. The hoplite was first heavy infantryman in history. He wore a bronze armour and helmet and used a bronze round shield and sword. The many wars between the Greek states were fought using the Phalanx. In Italy the Phalanx was adopted by the Etruscans and the Romans. The Romans abandoned the phalanx when they were defeated by the Samntes in 321 BC and adopted the manipular formation of the Samnites.The three most famous generals in the period of the phalanx formation were Greek: Pericles, Pyrrhus and Alexander the great.

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