Planting
Plowing
Reaping
Binding sheaves
Threshing
Winnowing
Selecting
Grinding
Sifting
Kneading
Baking
Shearing wool
Washing wool (Scouring/Laundering)
Beating/Combing wool
Dyeing
Spinning
Weaving
Making two loops
Weaving at least two threads
Separating two threads
Tying
Untying
Sewing
Tearing for the purpose of sewing
Trapping
Slaughtering
Flaying
Curing hide
Scraping hide
Scoring
Cutting hide into pieces
Writing
Erasing
Building
Tearing something down
Extinguishing a fire
Igniting a fire
Applying the finishing touch
Transferring between domains
39
It's kindling a flame, one of the prohibitions on Shabbat.
39
dont burp
Conservative Jews are less strict than Orthodox Jews. Not all Conservative Jews keep Shabbat.
Yes, assisting in the delivery of babies is a definite exception to the prohibitions against work during Shabbat.
Sure. Once the Shabbat is over on Saturday night one may return to the normal weekday routine. The work prohibitions are only from Friday sundown to Saturday dusk. In addition, we add another approximately 20 minutes to the beginning and end of the Shabbat to add onto the holiness of the Shabbat.
G-d did not create anything new on Shabbat; the 7th day of rest. All of creation was completed in the first 6 days of creation. Since then G-d has been maintaining the world, but not creating anything new. To commemorate this, Judaism defines 39 categories of creative work which are forbidden on Shabbat. E.g.: baking, planting and lighting fires. See http://www.answers.com/topic/39-categories-of-activity-prohibited-on-shabbat for an introduction to these 39 categories.
We're not permitted to work on the Shabbat (Exodus ch.20). This includes 39 categories (Talmud, Shabbat 73b) of productive interaction with the world, such as planting, writing, building, kindling fire, using electricity, etc.
Anything that is not one of the 39 forms of forbidden creative work.
Not really. There is no express prohibition on exercising on Shabbat, but there are numerous general prohibitions which would make exercising de facto impossible. For example: a person cannot shower or use a towel on shabbat, nor any electrical exercise equipment, nor expend any monies to travel or go to a gym. Additionally, a Jew must dress in his best clothes during Shabbat, so exercise attire would be out (and who wants to sweat in a suit?).
"A Sabbath day's journey" isn't a phrase used by Jews, it's Christian in origin. It's related to the prohibitions against work that apply to Shabbat which means that religiously observant Jews cannot travel by any means other than walking to Shabbat. This limits a journey to the distance a person can walk.