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During the Roman Empire, the Senate was largely a tool of the Emperor, whoever it may have been at the time.

The Emperor sat in on Senate proceedings, could speak at any time, and basically told them what to do if he had an opinion. One might say that they were for show.

When Octavian/Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus became the first Emperor in 27 BCE, he maintained the Senate rather than dissolving them so that the Patrician class wouldn't fly into an outrage. It gave them a sense that they still had some power, though in actuality the Emperor had first and final say on anything.

The Senate saw such issues as criminal trials (which the Emperor and the Emperor only could change the outcome of, at his whim)and passed down laws (usually that was the Emperor using the Senate as a vehicle to make a law, rather than the Senate actually contributing to it).

After Diocletian resolved his power throughout the Empire and tightened the reins in the early 300's CE, the Senate lost its' last vestige of power---they no longer had any say in an Emperor taking power.

So, really, they were more like a Presidential Cabinet than a true Senate.

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Q: What are the duties of the Senate in the Roman Empire?
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