Hay, silage, grain, pasture grass/legumes. That's just a very basic, in-a-nutshell, tip-of-the-iceberg list. For examples much more specific, here's a list of the various feedstuffs fed to cattle:
(Note: You will be surprised at how many types of feedstuffs are fed to cattle. Also, this list is incomplete.)
Feedstuffs, Fodder or Forage.
Cattle, sheep, goats, and deer are animals that ruminate in order to fully digest feedstuffs.
Corn, Corn fed cattle, Corn fed people who were fed on Corn fed cattle.
Hormones are fed to cattle to promote faster growth and increase meat production efficiency.
No. Cattle can be fed other grains like barley and oats, and even more can be fed on just grass alone.
Cattle are built with a polygastric digestive system so that they are able to consume and digest more feedstuffs when at the risk of predators. Cattle will eat, only filling the first stomach (the rumen), then when it is safe they will rest. At this time they will regurgitate the undigested feedstuffs until all four stomachs have been filled and all the necessary nutrients have been digested.
The sale of cattle that have been fattened and are ready to be butchered.
No. If grass-fed cattle got any grain, they wouldn't be grass-fed then. Grass-fed beef comes from cattle that are finished on grass only, with absolutely NO grain.
Cattle.
On a ranch per say there is really no particular shelter were cattle need to be fed. Cattle can be fed out in the open in the corrals or pastures. I think you are thinking of those black-and-white dairy cows that are commonly fed in barns.
On the surface it seems that these two different animals eat the same things. And in a way they do. But cattle need a higher level of protein, especially to make milk for dairy farming. If you feed alfalfa cattle get the first and second cutting of hay. Horses do much better on second and subsequent cuttings. If you feed your horse any grain or all-in-one, make sure it's not too rich for him.
Corn, barley, oats, etc., same grain fed to cattle.