there's comet halley, comet hale-bop, comet borrelly, and Comet wild 2... that's all i can think now.
See related link for a list of periodic and non periodic comets.
hadeodysessus
asteroids
Haley's
Normally the person that discovers it gets to name it or put forward a name for it.
Celestial comets is a more formal name for comets. Comets are objects in space orbiting the Sun with long orbits. They are thought to be made of frozen water. As they near the Sun they produce a long glowing tail trailing behind.
The Oort Cloud
There's no indication of anyone by that name playing with Bill Haley and His Comets; there have been no less than 3-4 groups carrying the name Bill Haley's Comets in the years after Haley's death, so someone named Goodson could have performed with one of those groups.
If you mean all our planets and comets, it's called the Sun. It is called "The Solar System".
Comets are Comets and Asteroids are Asteroids
I don't know either (:
yes, a specific name of a comet is a proper noun.