A meritocracy, which is a system where those who excel and show more talent than others are promoted into levels of greater responsibility. A hierarchal system is evident in some managerial systems but rarely succeeds as well as the meritocracy system. Management is expected to maximize the profits of a business or the funds raised for an organization and minimize the costs. The talented and those who produce more than others are more likely to insure this than someone who has gained that managerial position based solely on their ability to maintain authority.
Nepotism can be prevalent in many business and non profit organizations as is evidenced by smaller companies that go by their name followed with sons. An example would be Smith and Sons shoe repair. The sons of Mr. Smith will clearly rise to the level of management whether they are prepared to take on that responsibility or not.
There is also the system of hiring a management company who exist solely to manage other businesses. This or even private consultants who are hired to take on the task of revitalizing troubled organizations.
There are four basic and main database management systems that are used today. Those four include hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented.
As the major functional areas in many companies are composition of the production/operations, marketing, human resources, accounting, and finance departments, traditional information systems are designed within each functional area to support the area by increasing its internal effectiveness and efficiency. However, as some traditional information systems hierarchical might differed from others, smaller systems, integrated/independent, interfacing, and support at different levels are shared major characteristics they have in common. As reference the makeup, a functional information system consists of several smaller information systems that support specific activities performed in the functional area. As integrated or independent, where it is portray that a specific IS applications in any functional area can be integrated to form a coherent departmental functional system, from where they can be integrated across departmental lines to match a business process or be completely independent. In similar respect, functional information systems may interface internally with each other to form the organization-wide information system or externally systems outside the organization, hence support the three levels of an organization's activities: operational, managerial, and strategic (Turban et al., 2006, p. 248-249). Researched and posted by Bryan H.
Information systems differ in their business needs. Also depending upon different levels in organization information systems differ. Three major information systems areTransaction processing systemsManagement information systemsDecision support systemsThe information needs are different at different organizational levels. Accordingly the information can be categorized as: strategic information, managerial information and operational information.Strategic information is the information needed by top most management for decision making. For example the trends in revenues earned by the organization are required by the top management for setting the policies of the organization. This information is not required by the lower levels in the organization. The information systems that provide these kinds of information are known as Decision Support Systems.
Decision support systems, commonly referred as DSS, are interactive software-based systems that supports managers in decision making. Their advantages include, enhance effectiveness in decision making, saves time, provide new insights, improves interpersonal communication, provide competitive advantage, encourages learning or training, increase decision maker satisfaction, cost reduction, helps automate managerial processes, and increase organizational control.
There are three of these systems. They include transaction processing systems, operations information systems, and decision support systems or DSS.
Hierarchical
Many organizations are so complex that their technological systems are organized in a hierarchical structure representative of their organizational charts.
M. D. Mesarovic has written: 'Theory of hierarchical, multilevel, systems' 'General systems theory'
It is a type of inheritance where one or more derived classes is derved from common( or one ) base class
High-uncertainty avoidance
Hierarchical paging is a memory management technique used in computer systems where the page table is structured in a hierarchical manner to efficiently map virtual addresses to physical addresses. This helps in reducing the space required for page tables and improves memory access times.
Cells, tissues, organs, systems, whole body.
There are four basic and main database management systems that are used today. Those four include hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented.
Andrew M McCosh has written: 'Developing managerial information systems' -- subject(s): Management information systems
sewer systems
what are some different types of mainframes
landmasses and oceans