The main transmission media used in networking are:
The means through which data is transformed from one place to another is called transmission or communication media. There are two categories of transmission media used in computer communications.
1. BOUNDED MEDIA:
Bounded media are the physical links through which signals are confined to narrow path. These are also called guide media. Bounded media are made up o a external conductor (Usually Copper) bounded by jacket material. Bounded media are great for LABS because they offer high speed, good security and low cast. However, some time they cannot be used due distance communication. Three common types of bounded media are used of the data transmission. These are
COAXIAL CABLE:
Coaxial cable is very common & widely used commutation media. For example TV wire is usually coaxial.
Coaxial cable gets its name because it contains two conductors that are parallel to each other. The center conductor in the cable is usually copper. The copper can be either a solid wire or stranded martial.
Outside this central Conductor is a non-conductive material. It is usually white, plastic material used to separate the inner Conductor form the outer Conductor. The other Conductor is a fine mesh made from Copper. It is used to help shield the cable form EMI.
Outside the copper mesh is the final protective cover. (as shown in Fig)
The actual data travels through the center conductor in the cable. EMI interference is caught by outer copper mesh. There are different types of coaxial cable vary by gauge & impedance.
Gauge is the measure of the cable thickness. It is measured by the Radio grade measurement, or RG number. The high the RG number, the thinner the central conductor core, the lower the number the thicker the core.
Here the most common coaxial standards.
ADVANTAGES COAXIAL CABLE
DISADVANTAGE COAXIAL CABLE
STP
UTP
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Twisted Pair CableThe most popular network cabling is Twisted pair. It is light weight, easy to install, inexpensive and support many different types of network. It also supports the speed of 100 mps.Twisted pair cabling is made of pairs of solid or stranded copper twisted along each other. The twists are done to reduce vulnerably to EMI and cross talk. The number of pairs in the cable depends on the type. The copper core is usually 22-AWG or 24-AWG, asmeasured on the American wire gauge standard. There are two types of twisted pairs cabling
1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)
1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
UTP is more common. It can be either voice grade or data grade depending on the condition. UTP cable normally has an impedance of 100 ohm. UTP cost less than STP and easily available due to its many use. There are five levels of data cabling
Category 1
These are used in telephone lines and low speed data cable.
Category 2
These cables can support up to 4 mps implementation.
Category 3
These cable supports up to 16 mps and are mostly used in 10 mps.
Category 4
These are used for large distance and high speed. It can support 20mps.
Category 5
This is the highest rating for UTP cable and can support up to 100mps.
UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted cable. Cable with 2 pair use RJ-11 connector and 4 pair cable use RJ-45 connector.
Characteristics of UTP
Advantages of UTP
Disadvantages of UTP
2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)
It is similar to UTP but has a mesh shielding that's protects it from EMI which allows for higher transmission rate.
IBM has defined category for STP cable.
Type 1
STP features two pairs of 22-AWG
Type 2
This type include type 1 with 4 telephone pairs
Type 6
This type feature two pairs of standard shielded 26-AWG
Type 7
This type of STP consist of 1 pair of standard shielded 26-AWG
Type 9
This type consist of shielded 26-AWG wire
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Characteristics of STPAdvantages of STP:
Disadvantages of STP:
Fiber optic cable uses electrical signals to transmit data. It uses light. In fiber optic cable light only moves in one direction for two way communication to take place a second connection must be made between the two devices. It is actually two stands of cable. Each stand is responsible for one direction of communication. A laser at one device sends pulse of light through this cable to other device. These pulses translated into "1's" and "0's" at the other end.
In the center of fiber cable is a glass stand or core. The light from the laser moves through this glass to the other device around the internal core is a reflective material known as CLADDING. No light escapes the glass core because of this reflective cladding.
Fiber optic cable has bandwidth more than 2 gbps (Gigabytes per Second)
Characteristics Of Fiber Optic Cable:
Advantages Of Fiber Optic Cable:
Disadvantages Fiber Optics:
The main transmission media used in networking are:
Fibre Optics, Copper, Air (Wireless)
CAT-5, and CAT-5e.
It's the device(in card form sometimes) that connects you to the transmission medium.
there are 5 goals in providing reliable networking high reliability resource sharing scalability cost saving communication medium
The network service is a medium of data manipulation and usage. Concerning computer networking, a network service is fundamental to the functioning of a computer network.
Attenuation distortion is the distortion of an analog signal that occurs during transmission when the transmission medium does not have a flat frequency response across the bandwidth of the medium.
Social Networking is the method of connecting with different business organization or your targeted finish users either face to face or on-line. As so much as business selling, the foremost sensible style of social networking is on-line.Social Networking refers to using the internet as a means to communicate with people.Social Networking website is a revolutionary idea with a very bright future with further scope for advancements. The opportunities provided from this medium are immense and many organisations are making use of this medium to better their practices. Organisations are no longer at the mercy of the media to advertise or convey their message. With the help of social networking they can advertise or communicate in a more efficient way.
The NIC (network interface card) provides this interface.
networking
people visit social networking sites in order to contact their old friends, family, it is a good medium of communication with the people far away from us..
what are the demerits of networking ?
No, a no. of networking elements are used in networking. some of the networking elements are : routers, switches, cables, servers etc