hi
the uprights are the phosphate & the sugar(ribose or deoxyribose) i think another name for uprights is the backbone.
Nucleotides are found along the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, which forms the "twisted ladder" structure of the double helix. They are the building blocks of DNA and consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose
The sequence of the nitrogenous bases, which are the 'rungs' of the DNA 'ladder' are what give DNA its specificity.
Phosphates and Sugars formthe sides of the DNA ladder~
The DNA ladder is made of sugar and phosphates.
Watson and Crick's Name for the twisted ladder of DNA
Phosphate and sugar make up the sides of a DNA ladder.
To interpret agarose gel electrophoresis results with a DNA ladder, compare the bands of your sample DNA to the bands of the ladder. The ladder contains known DNA fragment sizes, allowing you to estimate the size of your sample DNA fragments based on their position relative to the ladder bands. The closer the sample bands are to the ladder bands, the more accurate the size estimation.
The rugs of DNA are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. When DNA replication occurs and the ladder has to be broken, an enzyme called "helicase" starts at the replication fork and unwinds the DNA ladder. Helicase breaks the rugs of DNA.
DNA was discovered by a Swiss scientist, Friedrich Miescher, in 1869.In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the double-helix structure for the molecule, and by 1966 the genetic code (i.e. which amino acids were coded for by which sequences of DNA bases, and what the remaining codons "meant", ) had been completely worked out.__________________________________________________________________________While examining the DNA molecule, Watson and Crick (1953), proposed a satisfactory model for the arrangement of these constituents. For this important contribution to science they were given the 1962 Nobel Prize. They hypothesized from X-ray analysis of the molecule that DNA consists of two strands, twisted in a spiral (or helix) shape. This shape resembles a twisted ladder with rungs between the two uprights. The "uprights" of this ladder are made entirely of alternating phosphate and sugar molecules. The rungs are composed only of the nitrogen bases, which are attached to the sugar. The phosphate-sugar-base is called a nucleotide. The base of the nucleotide from one "upright" of the ladder is paired with and bonded to the base of the nucleotide from the other side of the ladder, completing the rung between the two uprights. A nucleotide having adenine is always cross-paired with thymine, and one with cytosine is always bonded to guanine.
The sides of the DNA ladder is composed of sugar and phosphate. 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder are A, T, G, and C. The shape of the DNA is a double helix or twisted ladder.