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whenever a wave travels through a new median refraction occurs, this is true for any wave. For the example of sound waves, if the wave traveled into an area where the density of molecules in the air was lesser or greater, this new median would cause refraction to occur. This can be calculated using Snell's law, which is n1/n2=sin(x)1/sin(x)2=V1/V2. where n is the index of refraction, v is velocity, and x (usually theta is used in place of x) is the angle.

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When a wave bends because it's speed changes

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Q: What atmospheric conditions can cause sound wave refractions similar to those observed in the ocean?
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