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Rifle or handgun?
30/06
Data not in the public domain
same as today- .22 rimfire.
1861 Springfield 58 caliber Rifle Musket 1858 Endfield 3 Band .577 caliber Rifle Musket Sharp's Carbine 50 caliber Sharp's rifle 50 caliber Burnside carbine 52 caliber Spencer repeating carbine 52 caliber Henry Repeating rifle 44-40 rimfire Model 1841 Mississippi Rifle 58 caliber Harper's Ferry 1840 conversion smoothbore 69 caliber (Buck and Ball) This list represents only the more popular rifles. Other firearms such as shotguns (which do not have rifled barrels) and handguns (revovlers) are not listed.
Varies every couple of years. 30/06 probably
a .22 caliber
A .177 caliber air rifle has very little recoil.
.223 caliber or 5.56mm.
No You could build a rifle in .306" or any other caliber but you are likely referring to 30.06. A 30.06 rifle is referred to as "30 Caliber" but to be accurate it is nominally .308"
Yes, I can. A Barrett M107 is a .50 caliber sniper rifle.
The Dragunov (note corrected spelling) sniper rifle is in caliber 7.62x54mmR. This is the same caliber at the Moisin-Nagant 91/30 rifle.