There are a few types of federal jurisdiction.
The first is called federal question jurisdiction. If two people are suing each other under a federal law, as opposed to a state law, the lawsuit can be heard in a federal court.
Another type is diversity jurisdiction. If two people from different states are suing each other over a controversy with damages at more than $75,000, they can be heard in federal court.
For example; Alan is from Wisconsin, and he is suing Bob from Illinois for killing all of his cows and destroying his barn. His barn was worth $75,001. Alan would not want to be in an Illinois court because the Illinois court might like Bob more. Bob would not want to be in a Wisconsin court because they would like Alan more. So, this case would go to a federal court.
The cases that the federal judiciary have jurisdiction over were disagreements between two or more states and citizens rights to trial by jury.
Cases that have federal jurisdiction. They can either arise under federal law or be state law cases that gain jurisdiction through diversity jurisdiction.
judiciary
US district courts have trial jurisdiction (aka original jurisdiction) over federal court cases.
The Senate Judiciary Committee (formally: "The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary")
Federal courts have subject matter jurisdiction over all matters involving federal law.
Federal District Courts have jurisdiction over all federal cases occurring/originating within their circuit. US Courts of Appeal have jurisdiction over all cases referred to them from the District Courts within their circuit.
Federal courts have legal authority over cases involving federal laws and the interpretation of the United States Constitution. They also have jurisdiction over cases involving disputes between different states or between the United States and a foreign country.
Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases that involve federal law. There are also a few jurisdiction issues that could bring a state law case into federal court.
No
A federal court has jurisdiction over constitutional violations.
Federal courts have jurisdiction over any case that raises a question of federal law. There are far more than 8 types.