Yes if it is emissions related.
Yes, along with dozens of other things.
The vehicle will fail the emissions test.
Problems with the oxygen sensors are quite likely to cause emissions test problems. The car computer cannot properly adjust the air/fuel mixture to regulate the emissions.
It depends how small it is, but usually yes. The co will go way up.
Yes. Any faulty emissions control sensor, including knock sensors, will result in an automatic fail of any emissions control test, period. It doesn't even matter if your vehicle's actual exhaust emissions are within acceptable limits. In most cases, once it is determined that a sensor is bad, the test is ended immediately, and considered failed.
Yes, it can if faulty or missing.
Get it fixed.
The Catalytic Converter is an emissions control device on your car and can be disabled (illegally). Your car will still have power if it is broken/disabled but will fail emissions.
It depends what caused the check engine light to come on. If there is something seriously wrong with an emission control component, simply clearing the code will not effect the results of an emissions test - the car will probably still fail. On the other hand, some codes for minor problems might not even cause the car to fail.
It will fail most tests if the light is on.
If you are asking this question then your car probably needs an emission test