It is either clogged and needs replacing or you have one or more cylinders that is not firing properly and unburnt fuel is being ignited in the converter. On an 18 year old car I would suspect the converter is clogged.
Plugged fuel, air filter, or catalytic converter can cause that.
replace the catalytic converter
No, cause if you do, the car will blow up due to lack of air circulation...
Having no catalytic converter installed is illegal and can cause a myriad of problems. Probably not a backfire though.
Yes, internal coolant consumption can damage a catalytic converter.
No, the catalytic converter is downstream from the EGR valve so it has no effect on it.
Yes
No, the catalytic converter has nothing whatsoever to do with your defrost system.
A bad catalytic converter can cause hard starts if it has become clogged. This produces excessive back pressure in the engine.
A bad coil can damage a converter. If the engine is misfiring, it will cause raw fuel to get into the converter and that can cause failure.
No
Yes