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The question is a little misleading. There is no court that serves as a watchdog, ensuring all state laws comply with the US Constitution. In order for the federal courts to exercise judicial review (evaluate a law for constitutionality) over a state law, someone with standing (who was or could be imminently harmed by the law) must file suit. A court can only make decisions relevant to cases under consideration. For this reason, states often get away with legislating and enforcing unconstitutional laws for years.

The US Supreme Court is the ultimate authority on constitutionality, but it can't do anything unless the justices grant certiorari (grant a request for an appeal of a case) after the lower appellate process is exhausted.

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Q: What court presides over a state's violation of the US Constitution?
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