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the presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms
Directly it is the electrons. Indirectly the number of protons in the nucleus which determines how many electrons there are in the neutral atom and is a major determinant of ionization energy, electron affinity etc. which influence the formation of the bonds.
Two oxygen atoms combine to form a molecule by sharing electrons
The atom that has 6 protons is carbon, and carbon forms lots of chemical bonds with other atoms.
The number of electrons in the atoms outer shell.
the presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms
The largest determinant to an atom's behavior is its electron configuration. An atom's electron configuration determines its interactions with other atoms, such as which atoms it can form bonds with and whether that bond is covalent or ionic. Additionally, the number of neutrons and protons influence the stability of the atom's nucleus.
It doesn't necessarily "bonds to four other atoms."
Directly it is the electrons. Indirectly the number of protons in the nucleus which determines how many electrons there are in the neutral atom and is a major determinant of ionization energy, electron affinity etc. which influence the formation of the bonds.
Two oxygen atoms combine to form a molecule by sharing electrons
The atom that has 6 protons is carbon, and carbon forms lots of chemical bonds with other atoms.
valence electrons
The number of electrons in the atoms outer shell.
The number of unpaired electrons determines the number of covalent bonds that can be formed by an atom.
tetrahedral
Each carbon atom can covalently bond with as many as four other other atoms. Answer is 4.
the number of protons determines the atom.