One standard push mowers they help make the spark for the spark plug. On riding mowers and electric start push mowers they do the same and there is another set of magnets that charge the battery.
Pulling the engine's start cord turns the flywheel. The flywheel has a magnet or magnets on it that create electrical charge as the flywheel turns, causing them to pass other magnets. The electrical charge travels to the spark plug and starts the engine. Once the engine is running, the inertia created by the flywheel's turning has enough momentum to keep the engine's crankshaft turning between the piston's power strokes. During operation, the flywheel's magnets also induce voltage in the armature to keep the spark plug firing. Those magnets are called a Magneto ignition.
The armature needs to be slightly loose with the magnets away from it, insert a business card or index card between flywheel and legs of the armature, slowly rotate the flywheel until magnets pull the legs close, tighten armature rotate flywheel until magnets are away, remove card and you are done.
You can set the gap on the ignition module if the flywheel's magnets are not close. The gap should be at least 0.010 to 0.012 from the flywheel.
Magnets are used in the flywheel to produce the ignition. Often they are imbedded and tied to iron cores.
A stator. A magnet that rotates with the crank shaft
Timing is fixed and determined by flywheel. The only way for timing to be off is if the flywheel key has sheared. As the magnets on the flywheel pass the armature (coil), a spark is sent, end of story.
magnets are used in the starter and the alternator. in the starter, electro magnets are used to run the electric starter motor and also to bring the pinion gear into the flywheel. in the alternator magnetic current is used to generate electricity to charge the battery. there may be some small magnets in the transmission to pick up metal fillings.
The air gap is the distance between the module (armature) and the magnets of the flywheel. Generally 0.010" or so
If you put the magnets of the flywheel tords the magneto and put a buissness card between them is usualy a good starting point, check repair manual for exact clearance, and use brass feeler gauges so they dont stick to magnent
The purpose of keying the flywheel with the shaft is to keep it spinning at the same rate as the shaft, and also to have the magnets on the flywheel lined up correctly with the strokes of the engine so that the spark plug will produce a spark at the very top of the compression stroke and in turn will cause the combustion stroke to take place.
You really need a service manual but I will try and help you. U start by placing the stator plate assy. over the crank and secure with the 2 mounting screws. (long screws) Next, be sure the flywheel key is in the shaft. Inspect the flywheel for any colts, nuts, screws, any any other metal object that mave have stuck to the magnets. make sure all the magnets are secured. Mount the flywheel over the shaft. be careful to make sure the key lines up in the groove. Use a flywheel holder and tighten up the nut on the shaft.
The alternator (stator) is located underneath the flywheel. The rotor is the flywheel itself (the magnets are inside the flywheel). AC voltage is sent from the alternator to either a rectifier or diode pack (depending on model). From there, DC voltage is sent to the battery, via the wiring harness.