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The overflow is built into the sink, it is not part of the drain. If there is no overflow, you can not add it.
Seal it to the back side of the tub? There should be a foam ring that is beveled that goes between the tub and the drain. When you tighten the cover plate down, it compresses the foam and seal the drain. Seal the hole so that it doesn't work? There is probably a cover plate that is solid and would seal on the inside surface of the tub.
Most of the one's I have run across do not have an overflow. Mainly used for disposal, dumping out drinks, etc, not for washing so overflow not really an issue. Also, most are stainless which do not lend themselves to an overflow drain.
Usually. Going through the overflow drain gets you straight into the drain without having to make the sharp bend in the tub drain. There could be a trap that comes apart in the drain underneath if it is accessible.
In my experience, I would say no. Several reasons can prevent the overflow from working. Since the overflow of the sink is rarely used it has a tendency to be blocked at the lower portion where the sink joins the drain pipe. During normal use and over years the holes in the sink drain at the point where the overflow and drain pipe meets has a tendency to clog making the overflow drain slowly. You can notice this when your sink drains with a "gulping" sound. You can test the overflow drain and see how obstructed it is, but do it slowly and do not turn on the faucets on full.
Yes, the gasket between the overflow pipe and the tub can go bad, or it can leak around where the pipe is attached to the drain.
This is called a direct drain and they are not easy to find compared to tub drains that drain via the overflow pipe. Watco and Dearborn Brass both make kits to do this, available in the US.
Its your bathtub drain.
A quick way would be to drop into a plumbing supply store. They often have tubs on display with the overflow drain hooked up. You will be able to see where the overflow water goes down the drain. Des Perado
Yes, they work in either.
One the end of the tub above the drain there is a plate. It may be where you close the drain off or it may just be a cover plate. It is open on the bottom edge and goes into the drain so that the tub cannot overflow.
To drain the over flow from a tank or fixture