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No, it is continuous.
In the macroscopic world it is not.
It is quantised.
integrator converts the quantised signal to saw tooth signal which then compared with the present signal and error signal is generated,and error signal is quantised and the process continues
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom in specific orbitals, a specific distance from the nucleus of the atom. A specific quanta of energy will knock the electron into a higher orbital. When the electron falls back into the lower orbital, it will give off that same specific quanta of energy. That is why lasers work.
Covalent bonds are "flexible", a bit like a spring, BUT the energy to make them vibrate is quantised and only specific frequencies (often in the infred spectrum) are "allowed"- this si the basis of IR and Raman vibrational spectroscopy.
intrinsic and quantised.
It's not entirely clear what you mean. The gauge particle for electromagnetism is the photon, which is one possible answer. If you're asking how light intensity is measured, the usual unit is the candela, while the units for luminous flux are lumens. It is often considered metricised as 'lux'. The quantised unit of all EM energy is the 'photon'. normally considered as a 'wave bundle'.
Alun J.E Williams has written: 'The lifetime of quantised excitations on the surface of superfluid helium'
When an atom looses energy a photon (particle of light) is produced with energy equivalent to the energy lost by the atom. In this way we still hold conservation of energy. The fact that energy is quantised means that only certain electron orbits can exist. This is because it is the orbit of the electron which generally holds an atoms energy (at least in this case), so an electron can only stay in quantised orbits. Quantised orbits solved blackbody radiation and provide an insight into chemistry. A solution to the black body radiation problem is the most significant outcome of applying quantum mechanics to the atom. Without it an atom would continously emit energy as the electron spirals towards the nucleus. This is because classically an accelerating charge in a field, like an electron, must give of energy. In a quantum system the energy cannot be given off except in quanta. The way i view it is more like the electron occupies a probability bubble and is not really moving or accelerating at all.
a system output can be brought out of limit cycle by comparing the exact y(N) unquantised by y(n) quantised.
Mean beta energy is 30% of the maximum energy.