A monarch usually rules his or her nation until he or she dies, or in some cases, deposed. Abdication is the act of relinquishing the throne voluntarily. The reasons for abdication vary. For instance, King Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American divorcee. The Dutch Queens are well known for 'retiring' (abdicating) so their daughters can take over.
Do you mean to abdicate.
If you mean Wallis Simpson, it was Edward VIII of England, who then had to abdicate his throne in favor of his younger brother George VI, father of the present queen.
A throne is a fancy chair that a king or queen sits on. Sitting on the throne is a mark of their status as monarch.
Assuming you mean Queen Elizabeth II, that would be King George VI, her father.
Assuming you mean the monarchs in Britain only, there were actually three: Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, and King George V.
Elizabeth the 1st was on the throne before King James the 1st
Prince Harry is fifth in line to the throne. Should a series of unfortunate events occur that mean he takes up the Crown (best case scenario is his father, brother, niece and nephew would all have to abdicate) he will THEN become King Henry IX. It is very unlikely this will happen.
It actually means the existing King has now died and therefore the next in line to the throne (be it a prince or princess) will take the role as the new king or queen (depending on their gender) immediately and so they add the phrase Long live the (new) king (or queen)
It just means that the queen has been on the throne for 60 years.
Will not inherit the throne
The diamond jubilee is a grand celebration of her 60 years on the throne.
It means a chair for the king. The ruler is sitting there.