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The Romans, like all ancient peoples built walls and fortifications around their cities to defend them from attack. Sometimes there was also a lower (pre) wall in front of the main wall for additional protection. There could also be an agger. This was a rampant which was built in front of areas where the walls were more vulnerable. The walls had gates to allow people to go in and out. There were gate towers to host soldiers to protect the gates during an attack. There were also other towers at regular intervals along the wall.

The Romans also dug the pomerium, which was a furrow which demarcated the boundary of a city. Often this boundary was marked by cippi (low pedestals which acted as boundary posts) instead of a furrow. The pomerium was also a sacred area both outside and inside the walls. No buildings could be placed within this area and inhabiting or farming it was banned, so that this sacred area would not contaminated by the impurities of humans. Religiously, this area was meant to protect the city from evil spirits and disease.

The Romans also built tomb (often they were monumental0 along the first few miles of the roads which led to the city because Roman religion forbade cemeteries inside the city walls.

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Q: What elaborate structures were built outside the roman city?
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