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What happens to the extra energy in excited electrons as they pass along an electron trandsport chain in a chloroplast?
The energy is used to supply electron carriers and to pump protons into the stroma so they can come down their concentration gradient through an ATP-synthase and synthesize ATP.
How is gradient of ions maintained in the mitochondria?
By the action of electrons going down the electron transfer chain the energy is provided to pump H + into the outer lumen of the mitochondria creating the concentration gradient for H + to come down it's concentration gradient through the ATP synthase.
Similarities between photophosphorylation and oxidative photophosphorylation?
The chemiosmosis theory postulates that living cells produce ATP from a proton gradient across a membrane by an enzyme called ATP synthase. Animals generate this proton gradient with the mitochondrial electron transport chain. When reductants (NADH, FADH2) give up their electrons to the electron transport chain, the electrons move to increasingly stronger oxidizing agents, using the released energy to pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Plants, however, generate the proton gradient directly with the photosystems and the photosynthetic electron transport chain. When the photosystem becomes excited, water is split into protons, oxygen and electrons. The electrons are then passed into the photosynthetic electron transport chain, which is analogous to the mitochondrial electron transport chain in that it also uses the energy of the oxidation reactions to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane. The end result is the same, however, because the proton gradient generates proton motive force, which is then used to synthesize ATP with ATP synthase.
What two ions move up their concentration gradient in this pump?
glucose & sodium
Do electrons slide along the electron transport chain and onto ATP molecules?
They do slide along the electron transport chain, but not onto molecules of ATP. The motive power of these electrons are used to pump protons into the outer lumen of the mitochondria. There the protons build up until there is a powerful enough gradient so that they come down that gradient and through the ATP synthase, a rotary enzyme that uses the flow of protons to attach a phosphate group onto ADP and thus ATP is synthesized. The electrons emerge from the last electron transport complex and there oxygen takes them up with the spent protons and water results.
What happens to the extra energy in excited electrons as they pass along an electron trandsport chain in a chloroplast?
The energy is used to supply electron carriers and to pump protons into the stroma so they can come down their concentration gradient through an ATP-synthase and synthesize ATP.
How is gradient of ions maintained in the mitochondria?
By the action of electrons going down the electron transfer chain the energy is provided to pump H + into the outer lumen of the mitochondria creating the concentration gradient for H + to come down it's concentration gradient through the ATP synthase.
Similarities between photophosphorylation and oxidative photophosphorylation?
The chemiosmosis theory postulates that living cells produce ATP from a proton gradient across a membrane by an enzyme called ATP synthase. Animals generate this proton gradient with the mitochondrial electron transport chain. When reductants (NADH, FADH2) give up their electrons to the electron transport chain, the electrons move to increasingly stronger oxidizing agents, using the released energy to pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Plants, however, generate the proton gradient directly with the photosystems and the photosynthetic electron transport chain. When the photosystem becomes excited, water is split into protons, oxygen and electrons. The electrons are then passed into the photosynthetic electron transport chain, which is analogous to the mitochondrial electron transport chain in that it also uses the energy of the oxidation reactions to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane. The end result is the same, however, because the proton gradient generates proton motive force, which is then used to synthesize ATP with ATP synthase.
Proceeds Against a concentration Gradient requires a carrier?
Solute pump
What is the difference between low pressure and high pressure gradient HPLC?
In a high pressure gradient pump, each different mobile phase is delivered by an individual pump head and then the mobile phases are mixed at the pump outlet. In a low pressure gradient pump, different mobile phases are mixed using a valve before entering the pump head. As a result of the fact that the low-pressure gradient design uses only one pump head, it is of lower cost. It can also use more types of mobile phase without significant increase of cost. Since solvent mixing point is much closer to the column head in the high-pressure gradient design, it provides a much faster gradient. This is measured using delay volume. The value can be 50-300 uL for high pressure gradient pump and can be 2 to 3 times larger for a low pressure gradient pump. A small delay volume is important when the analysis time is short or the flow rate is low. If the delay volume is too large, it become impossible to obtain reproducible gradient run since the planed composition cannot reach the column head before a run is finished.
What two ions move up their concentration gradient in this pump?
glucose & sodium
What is the active transport mechanism by which cells pump sodium and potassium ions against the concentration gradient.?
sodium-potassium pump
The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to?
A good portion of the energy from the electron movement is used to pump H+ across a gradient.
How is proton gradient established?
A proton gradient is established with an electron transport chain, where energy from electrons is donated from an high-energy source (such as food) to provide intracellular enzymes the energy to pump protons across an impermeable membrane in order to form a region with a high concentration of protons. Hope this helps! :)
Transporter protein that carries a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient?
pump
A transporter protein that carries a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient?
pump
What is A transporter protein that carries a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient?
pump
