FAT (also known as FAT12).
FAT or FAT32.
There were several hundred different floppy formats on different machines, different sized floppies, and operating systems, couldn't begin to list them. However here are a small sample: CP/M, ISIS, UCSD, FAT. mostly a FAT12
The floppy disk has nothing to do with the operating system on the hard drive. You can use a floppy disk created in Windows XP to boot a computer that has Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows 95, Windows 3.1, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, etc...
A floppy drive does not in itself affect computer speed. Some poorly designed operating systems may temporarily stop responding when a floppy disk is being written to, but these systems are rare nowadays.
Floppy drives do not typically need drivers. Any operating system on a typical PC can interface with the floppy controller integrated into the motherboard. All modern operating systems include drivers to interface with drives connected via USB.
Disk F is either a Floppy, CD/DVD/RW, Flash (USB, Card etc) or Virtual drive. It means that the disk is "RAW" and needs to be formatted in one of the computers recognised formats such as FAT32, NTFS, or other recognisable mediums. Windows operating systems, Mac and Linux have simple resources to help resolve this.
In Microsoft operating systems, the letter C is typically used to indicate the first hard-disk based partition, and typically represents the boot drive. Letters A and B were, historically, allocated to floppy disk drives, while letters C and above are allocated to all other drives and their partitions. Note this is convention, not a requirement. It is possible (but unusual) to change the drive letters in a Windows operating system such that Z, for example, represents the same boot drive. Also note that the habit of allocating letters to different drives is a characteristic of some operating systems (such as CP/M, MS-DOS, and subsequently the Windows family of operating systems). Other operating systems, including the group of Unix (Linux) operating systems, have no notion of a drive letter, but integrate different "drives" into one folder hierarchy. Modern versions of Windows support a similar approach, but this method is not widely used.
MS=Microsoft DOS = Disk Operating System. The Microsoft precursor to Windows It was loaded on to a PC via floppy disks
Yes. Windows Vista still supports both legacy floppy controllers and modern USB floppy drives.
In old machines floppy drives were primarily used for booting up the machine. Floppy drive has a very small memory capacity. Almost all of the latest Operating Systems are larger than a Floppy drive capacity of e.g. 1.44MB. Floppy's are not as reliable as other media and can easily get corrupted.
You can't. That is illegal and could get you caught cheating. There is no way to legally purchase a copy on the internet.
Modern PCs typically do not use floppy drives, as they have become obsolete due to advancements in storage technology. However, if a floppy drive is needed, USB floppy disk drives can be used to read 3.5-inch floppy disks. These external drives connect via USB ports and are compatible with contemporary operating systems.